Journal Articles
Biemond, Jacob
Application of Hooke’s law and occurrence of relativistic orthogonal harmonic oscillators in leptons Journal Article
In: viXra, pp. 17, 2024.
@article{viXra:2408.0057,
title = {Application of Hooke’s law and occurrence of relativistic orthogonal harmonic oscillators in leptons},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14060253
https://vixra.org/pdf/2408.0057v1.pdf},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.14060253},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-08-15},
urldate = {2024-08-15},
journal = {viXra},
pages = {17},
abstract = {In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.
Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.
It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.
Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.
Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.
It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.
Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.
Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.
It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.
Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.
Biemond, Jacob
Toroidal Model of Leptons Journal Article
In: viXra, pp. 16, 2024, (updated version, viXra identifier: 2106.0124v2).
@article{viXra:2106.0124,
title = {Toroidal Model of Leptons},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/pdf/2106.0124v2.pdf},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-07-26},
urldate = {2024-07-26},
journal = {viXra},
pages = {16},
abstract = {Toroidal models for the electron are given by several authors. Essential ingredients in these models are: a radius r1 of the torus, a radius r2 of the tube of the torus and a toroidal factor N, defined as the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the tube divided by the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the torus. The proposed model is extended to the muon and the tau lepton, as well as to the three observed neutrinos. Furthermore, the total energy of all leptons is split into two parts: the first part depends on radius r1 and the second part on radius r2.
Agreement between predicted and observed magnetic dipole moments, first order anomalous correction included, is obtained for all charged leptons. In addition, for all these leptons the same ratio between the radii r1 andr2, depending on the fine-structure constant, is found. Moreover, the same value N = 1 is compatible with the observed magnetic dipole moment of all charged leptons.
Using recently proposed theoretical neutrino masses mi (i = 1, 2, 3) and magnetic dipole moments μ(i), the toroidal model can also be applied to neutrinos. For neutrino 1 a value of N = 1 is obtained, whereas values of N = 5.7 and N = 33 are found for neutrinos 2 and 3, respectively. Finally, the toroidal moments of all leptons are calculated. The magnitude of the toroidal moment of the neutrinos increases with increasing values of N.},
note = {updated version, viXra identifier: 2106.0124v2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Toroidal models for the electron are given by several authors. Essential ingredients in these models are: a radius r1 of the torus, a radius r2 of the tube of the torus and a toroidal factor N, defined as the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the tube divided by the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the torus. The proposed model is extended to the muon and the tau lepton, as well as to the three observed neutrinos. Furthermore, the total energy of all leptons is split into two parts: the first part depends on radius r1 and the second part on radius r2.
Agreement between predicted and observed magnetic dipole moments, first order anomalous correction included, is obtained for all charged leptons. In addition, for all these leptons the same ratio between the radii r1 andr2, depending on the fine-structure constant, is found. Moreover, the same value N = 1 is compatible with the observed magnetic dipole moment of all charged leptons.
Using recently proposed theoretical neutrino masses mi (i = 1, 2, 3) and magnetic dipole moments μ(i), the toroidal model can also be applied to neutrinos. For neutrino 1 a value of N = 1 is obtained, whereas values of N = 5.7 and N = 33 are found for neutrinos 2 and 3, respectively. Finally, the toroidal moments of all leptons are calculated. The magnitude of the toroidal moment of the neutrinos increases with increasing values of N.
Agreement between predicted and observed magnetic dipole moments, first order anomalous correction included, is obtained for all charged leptons. In addition, for all these leptons the same ratio between the radii r1 andr2, depending on the fine-structure constant, is found. Moreover, the same value N = 1 is compatible with the observed magnetic dipole moment of all charged leptons.
Using recently proposed theoretical neutrino masses mi (i = 1, 2, 3) and magnetic dipole moments μ(i), the toroidal model can also be applied to neutrinos. For neutrino 1 a value of N = 1 is obtained, whereas values of N = 5.7 and N = 33 are found for neutrinos 2 and 3, respectively. Finally, the toroidal moments of all leptons are calculated. The magnitude of the toroidal moment of the neutrinos increases with increasing values of N.
Biemond, Jacob
Neutrino Mass and Hubble Constant, or Fermi Constant Journal Article
In: viXra, pp. 6, 2023.
@article{viXra:2302.0032,
title = {Neutrino Mass and Hubble Constant, or Fermi Constant},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/abs/2302.0032},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-08},
journal = {viXra},
pages = {6},
abstract = {Utilizing a dimensional analysis, Vavel found a formula for the neutrino mass depending on the Hubble constant H, yielding a mass value of 4.26 meV. Recently, a related formula for the electron neutrino was proposed by Mongan, depending on H and the dark energy parameter ΩΛ. He assumed a spherical model for the electron neutrino and he proposed that its mass depends on the low mass density of the Universe. Furthermore, he assumed that its mass is constrained by the Compton wavelength. The obtained formula predicts a mass m1 of 1.37 meV.
An alternative formula for the mass m_1 of the electron neutrino, also depending on H and ΩΛ, can be obtained from a toroidal model of leptons, recently proposed by Biemond. In this model a toroidal shape is assumed for the electron neutrino with a radius r_1 of the torus and a radius r_2 of the tube. This torus is assumed to be filled with the low mass density of the Universe. A mass m_1 of 1.52 meV is obtained in this case.
By combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino, deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level, and a magnetic moment for a neutrino arising from gravitational origin, a formula for the neutrino mass m_1 was obtained in 2015. This result depending on the Fermi constant forms a bridge between electroweak interactions and gravitation. In this case a more accurate value of 1.530 meV was obtained for mass m_1.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Utilizing a dimensional analysis, Vavel found a formula for the neutrino mass depending on the Hubble constant H, yielding a mass value of 4.26 meV. Recently, a related formula for the electron neutrino was proposed by Mongan, depending on H and the dark energy parameter ΩΛ. He assumed a spherical model for the electron neutrino and he proposed that its mass depends on the low mass density of the Universe. Furthermore, he assumed that its mass is constrained by the Compton wavelength. The obtained formula predicts a mass m1 of 1.37 meV.
An alternative formula for the mass m_1 of the electron neutrino, also depending on H and ΩΛ, can be obtained from a toroidal model of leptons, recently proposed by Biemond. In this model a toroidal shape is assumed for the electron neutrino with a radius r_1 of the torus and a radius r_2 of the tube. This torus is assumed to be filled with the low mass density of the Universe. A mass m_1 of 1.52 meV is obtained in this case.
By combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino, deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level, and a magnetic moment for a neutrino arising from gravitational origin, a formula for the neutrino mass m_1 was obtained in 2015. This result depending on the Fermi constant forms a bridge between electroweak interactions and gravitation. In this case a more accurate value of 1.530 meV was obtained for mass m_1.
An alternative formula for the mass m_1 of the electron neutrino, also depending on H and ΩΛ, can be obtained from a toroidal model of leptons, recently proposed by Biemond. In this model a toroidal shape is assumed for the electron neutrino with a radius r_1 of the torus and a radius r_2 of the tube. This torus is assumed to be filled with the low mass density of the Universe. A mass m_1 of 1.52 meV is obtained in this case.
By combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino, deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level, and a magnetic moment for a neutrino arising from gravitational origin, a formula for the neutrino mass m_1 was obtained in 2015. This result depending on the Fermi constant forms a bridge between electroweak interactions and gravitation. In this case a more accurate value of 1.530 meV was obtained for mass m_1.
Biemond, Jacob
The Schuster-Wilson-Blackett hypothesis Journal Article
In: viXra, 2020.
@article{viXra:2006.0221,
title = {The Schuster-Wilson-Blackett hypothesis},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/abs/2006.0221
https://vixra.org/pdf/2006.0221v1.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-06-25},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {Many authors have considered a gravitational origin of the magnetic field of celestial bodies. In this approach the Wilson-Blackett or Schuster hypothesis has been playing an important role for more than a century. This hypothesis connects the magnetic moment M of the body to its angular momentum S. In this paper the gravitomagnetic ratios M/S deduced from observational data for a series of very different rotating massive bodies are compared with predicted values.
The considered magnetic moments M and corresponding angular moments S of the rotating bodies range from metallic cylinders in the laboratory, moons, planets, pulsars, white dwarfs and Ap stars to the Milky Way. Furthermore, the lightest neutrino of mass m1 has also been added to the list.
For huge intervals of more than 100 decades for the values of M and S the so-called Wilson-Blackett relation seems to be approximately valid. On smaller scales deviations become more manifest. Effects from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for these deviations
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many authors have considered a gravitational origin of the magnetic field of celestial bodies. In this approach the Wilson-Blackett or Schuster hypothesis has been playing an important role for more than a century. This hypothesis connects the magnetic moment M of the body to its angular momentum S. In this paper the gravitomagnetic ratios M/S deduced from observational data for a series of very different rotating massive bodies are compared with predicted values.
The considered magnetic moments M and corresponding angular moments S of the rotating bodies range from metallic cylinders in the laboratory, moons, planets, pulsars, white dwarfs and Ap stars to the Milky Way. Furthermore, the lightest neutrino of mass m1 has also been added to the list.
For huge intervals of more than 100 decades for the values of M and S the so-called Wilson-Blackett relation seems to be approximately valid. On smaller scales deviations become more manifest. Effects from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for these deviations
The considered magnetic moments M and corresponding angular moments S of the rotating bodies range from metallic cylinders in the laboratory, moons, planets, pulsars, white dwarfs and Ap stars to the Milky Way. Furthermore, the lightest neutrino of mass m1 has also been added to the list.
For huge intervals of more than 100 decades for the values of M and S the so-called Wilson-Blackett relation seems to be approximately valid. On smaller scales deviations become more manifest. Effects from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for these deviations
Biemond, Jacob
Magnetic White Dwarfs and Gravitomagnetism Journal Article
In: viXra, 2020.
@article{viXra:1904.0329,
title = {Magnetic White Dwarfs and Gravitomagnetism},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/pdf/2003.0091v1.pdf
https://vixra.org/abs/2003.0091},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-05},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {The origin of stellar magnetic fields is still uncertain. For decades a fossil field mechanism has been postulated for white dwarfs, based on magnetic flux conservation of Ap or Bp stars. Later on, dynamo action in the common envelope of binary systems has been proposed as an origin of magnetic fields in white dwarfs. Recently, dynamo action in the convective region of isolated white dwarfs has been considered as an explanation.
In this work a gravitational origin for the magnetic fields of rotating massive bodies is reinvestigated. This approach has led to the so-called Wilson-Blackett law that predicts a dipolar magnetic field for all rotating electrically neutral bodies. A short review of the history of this law is given. The validity of the Wilson-Blackett formula for white dwarfs will be examined in this work.
Results are given for ten isolated white dwarfs, eleven AM Herculis systems, one DQ Herculis system and two double-white-dwarf binaries. In most cases only approximate agreement with the predictions of the Wilson- Blackett formula is found. Contributions from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for the deviations. The results for white dwarfs are compared with corresponding classes of pulsars.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The origin of stellar magnetic fields is still uncertain. For decades a fossil field mechanism has been postulated for white dwarfs, based on magnetic flux conservation of Ap or Bp stars. Later on, dynamo action in the common envelope of binary systems has been proposed as an origin of magnetic fields in white dwarfs. Recently, dynamo action in the convective region of isolated white dwarfs has been considered as an explanation.
In this work a gravitational origin for the magnetic fields of rotating massive bodies is reinvestigated. This approach has led to the so-called Wilson-Blackett law that predicts a dipolar magnetic field for all rotating electrically neutral bodies. A short review of the history of this law is given. The validity of the Wilson-Blackett formula for white dwarfs will be examined in this work.
Results are given for ten isolated white dwarfs, eleven AM Herculis systems, one DQ Herculis system and two double-white-dwarf binaries. In most cases only approximate agreement with the predictions of the Wilson- Blackett formula is found. Contributions from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for the deviations. The results for white dwarfs are compared with corresponding classes of pulsars.
In this work a gravitational origin for the magnetic fields of rotating massive bodies is reinvestigated. This approach has led to the so-called Wilson-Blackett law that predicts a dipolar magnetic field for all rotating electrically neutral bodies. A short review of the history of this law is given. The validity of the Wilson-Blackett formula for white dwarfs will be examined in this work.
Results are given for ten isolated white dwarfs, eleven AM Herculis systems, one DQ Herculis system and two double-white-dwarf binaries. In most cases only approximate agreement with the predictions of the Wilson- Blackett formula is found. Contributions from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for the deviations. The results for white dwarfs are compared with corresponding classes of pulsars.
Biemond, Jacob
Neutrino Mass, Electroweak Coupling Constant and Weak Mixing Angle Journal Article
In: viXra, pp. 5, 2019.
@article{viXra:1904.0329b,
title = {Neutrino Mass, Electroweak Coupling Constant and Weak Mixing Angle},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/pdf/1904.0329v1.pdf
https://vixra.org/abs/1904.0329},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-04-16},
journal = {viXra},
pages = {5},
abstract = {A formula for the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino was
deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level in 1977. A linear dependence on the neutrino mass was found. Alternatively, a magnetic moment for a massive neutrino arising from gravitational origin is predicted by the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Both formulas for the magnetic moment can be combined, yielding a value of 1.530 meV for the lightest neutrino mass m1.
The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from recent neutrino oscillation experiments. The results are remarkable. First, the so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses m1, m2 and m3 is in good agreement with our results. Moreover, the empirical ratio of m3 to m1 is close to 33. This result suggests a value of 32 for the reciprocal value of the electroweak coupling constant αW at low energy. The latter value for αW implies an electroweak mixing angle, in reasonable agreement with the value calculated from atomic parity
violation experiments on cesium. The obtained result deviates, however, from the weak mixing angle deduced from the standard model.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A formula for the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino was
deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level in 1977. A linear dependence on the neutrino mass was found. Alternatively, a magnetic moment for a massive neutrino arising from gravitational origin is predicted by the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Both formulas for the magnetic moment can be combined, yielding a value of 1.530 meV for the lightest neutrino mass m1.
The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from recent neutrino oscillation experiments. The results are remarkable. First, the so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses m1, m2 and m3 is in good agreement with our results. Moreover, the empirical ratio of m3 to m1 is close to 33. This result suggests a value of 32 for the reciprocal value of the electroweak coupling constant αW at low energy. The latter value for αW implies an electroweak mixing angle, in reasonable agreement with the value calculated from atomic parity
violation experiments on cesium. The obtained result deviates, however, from the weak mixing angle deduced from the standard model.
deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level in 1977. A linear dependence on the neutrino mass was found. Alternatively, a magnetic moment for a massive neutrino arising from gravitational origin is predicted by the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Both formulas for the magnetic moment can be combined, yielding a value of 1.530 meV for the lightest neutrino mass m1.
The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from recent neutrino oscillation experiments. The results are remarkable. First, the so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses m1, m2 and m3 is in good agreement with our results. Moreover, the empirical ratio of m3 to m1 is close to 33. This result suggests a value of 32 for the reciprocal value of the electroweak coupling constant αW at low energy. The latter value for αW implies an electroweak mixing angle, in reasonable agreement with the value calculated from atomic parity
violation experiments on cesium. The obtained result deviates, however, from the weak mixing angle deduced from the standard model.
Biemond, Jacob
Neutrino Magnetic Moment and Mass: an Update Journal Article
In: viXra, 2018.
@article{viXra:1507.0208,
title = {Neutrino Magnetic Moment and Mass: an Update},
author = {Jacob Biemond },
url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e5cd/94caccdeb13d729b07631302ef762ea5dae9.pdf?_ga=2.161742334.333101594.1582722377-1796050375.1582722377
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Neutrino-Magnetic-Moment-and-Mass%3A-an-Update-Biemond/e5cd94caccdeb13d729b07631302ef762ea5dae9},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-25},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {In 1977 an expression for the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino was deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level. A linear dependence on the neutrino mass was found. Alternatively, a magnetic moment for a massive neutrino arising from gravitational origin is predicted by the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. The latter relation may also be deduced from a gravitomagnetic interpretation of the Einstein equations. Both formulas for the magnetic moment can be combined, yielding a value for the smallest neutrino mass m1.
The gravitomagnetic moment, i.e., the magnetic moment from gravitational origin, may contain different g-factors for the massive neutrino eigenstates m1, m2 and m3, respectively. Starting from the Dirac equation, a g-factor g = 2 has been deduced for a neutrino in first order, related to the derivation of the g-factor of charged leptons. When a value g = 2 is inserted, a value of 1.530 meV is obtained for the lightest neutrino mass m1, the main result of this work. The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from observed neutrino oscillations. The so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses appears to be in fair agreement with our results. A possible dependence of the neutrino mass on the electroweak coupling constant is discussed.
The neutrino with the smallest mass m1 may also possess the smallest magnetic moment of all known elementary particles. Its gravitomagnetic formula is a combination of three Planck units.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In 1977 an expression for the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino was deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level. A linear dependence on the neutrino mass was found. Alternatively, a magnetic moment for a massive neutrino arising from gravitational origin is predicted by the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. The latter relation may also be deduced from a gravitomagnetic interpretation of the Einstein equations. Both formulas for the magnetic moment can be combined, yielding a value for the smallest neutrino mass m1.
The gravitomagnetic moment, i.e., the magnetic moment from gravitational origin, may contain different g-factors for the massive neutrino eigenstates m1, m2 and m3, respectively. Starting from the Dirac equation, a g-factor g = 2 has been deduced for a neutrino in first order, related to the derivation of the g-factor of charged leptons. When a value g = 2 is inserted, a value of 1.530 meV is obtained for the lightest neutrino mass m1, the main result of this work. The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from observed neutrino oscillations. The so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses appears to be in fair agreement with our results. A possible dependence of the neutrino mass on the electroweak coupling constant is discussed.
The neutrino with the smallest mass m1 may also possess the smallest magnetic moment of all known elementary particles. Its gravitomagnetic formula is a combination of three Planck units.
The gravitomagnetic moment, i.e., the magnetic moment from gravitational origin, may contain different g-factors for the massive neutrino eigenstates m1, m2 and m3, respectively. Starting from the Dirac equation, a g-factor g = 2 has been deduced for a neutrino in first order, related to the derivation of the g-factor of charged leptons. When a value g = 2 is inserted, a value of 1.530 meV is obtained for the lightest neutrino mass m1, the main result of this work. The remaining neutrino masses can then be calculated from observed neutrino oscillations. The so-called geometric mean mass relation between the three neutrino masses appears to be in fair agreement with our results. A possible dependence of the neutrino mass on the electroweak coupling constant is discussed.
The neutrino with the smallest mass m1 may also possess the smallest magnetic moment of all known elementary particles. Its gravitomagnetic formula is a combination of three Planck units.
Biemond, Jacob
Quasi-Periodic Oscillations of GRO J1744-28 Journal Article
In: viXra, 2017.
@article{viXra:1702.0287,
title = {Quasi-Periodic Oscillations of GRO J1744-28},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/pdf/1702.0287v1.pdf
https://vixra.org/abs/1702.0287},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-22},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {Observed quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of GRO J1744-28 are compared with predictions from a previously proposed three tori model. The three highest QPO frequencies are assumed to arise from three circular tori moving around the pulsar: an inner torus with charge Qi, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an outer torus with charge Qo, whereas the pulsar itself bears a charge Qs.
In addition, it follows from a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, that the three circular tori are subjected to a total number of four low-frequency precessions. The expressions of these four additional QPO frequencies are revised compared to earlier work. For GRO J1744-28 the two lowest observed QPO frequencies are attributed to the two highest of the four low-frequency QPOs. The two other frequencies of the quartet may be too low to be detected. From the two highest QPO frequencies of the quartet, lying close together, approximate values for the charges Qs, Qi, and Qo are extracted. The results are compared with the observed and predicted set of seven QPOs for five other pulsars and two black holes.
The observed magnetic field is compared with the polar magnetic field, also predicted by the gravitomagnetic theory. Remarkably, the observed highly ionized iron emission lines may be compatible with the tree tori model. In order to explain the discontinuity in recently observed phase lags of GRO J1744-28, a Compton reverberation mechanism is considered, compatible with electron temperatures that depend on the radii of the tori.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Observed quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of GRO J1744-28 are compared with predictions from a previously proposed three tori model. The three highest QPO frequencies are assumed to arise from three circular tori moving around the pulsar: an inner torus with charge Qi, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an outer torus with charge Qo, whereas the pulsar itself bears a charge Qs.
In addition, it follows from a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, that the three circular tori are subjected to a total number of four low-frequency precessions. The expressions of these four additional QPO frequencies are revised compared to earlier work. For GRO J1744-28 the two lowest observed QPO frequencies are attributed to the two highest of the four low-frequency QPOs. The two other frequencies of the quartet may be too low to be detected. From the two highest QPO frequencies of the quartet, lying close together, approximate values for the charges Qs, Qi, and Qo are extracted. The results are compared with the observed and predicted set of seven QPOs for five other pulsars and two black holes.
The observed magnetic field is compared with the polar magnetic field, also predicted by the gravitomagnetic theory. Remarkably, the observed highly ionized iron emission lines may be compatible with the tree tori model. In order to explain the discontinuity in recently observed phase lags of GRO J1744-28, a Compton reverberation mechanism is considered, compatible with electron temperatures that depend on the radii of the tori.
In addition, it follows from a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, that the three circular tori are subjected to a total number of four low-frequency precessions. The expressions of these four additional QPO frequencies are revised compared to earlier work. For GRO J1744-28 the two lowest observed QPO frequencies are attributed to the two highest of the four low-frequency QPOs. The two other frequencies of the quartet may be too low to be detected. From the two highest QPO frequencies of the quartet, lying close together, approximate values for the charges Qs, Qi, and Qo are extracted. The results are compared with the observed and predicted set of seven QPOs for five other pulsars and two black holes.
The observed magnetic field is compared with the polar magnetic field, also predicted by the gravitomagnetic theory. Remarkably, the observed highly ionized iron emission lines may be compatible with the tree tori model. In order to explain the discontinuity in recently observed phase lags of GRO J1744-28, a Compton reverberation mechanism is considered, compatible with electron temperatures that depend on the radii of the tori.
Biemond, Jacob
Have Gravitomagnetic Induction Fields Already Been Observed in the Laboratory? Journal Article
In: viXra, 2014.
@article{viXra:1411.0058,
title = {Have Gravitomagnetic Induction Fields Already Been Observed in the Laboratory?},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://vixra.org/pdf/1411.0058v1.pdf
https://vixra.org/abs/1411.0058},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-11-07},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {In 1980 Woodward reported generation of induced electric charges Q in falling cylinders of copper, steel and aluminium. In 1982 he also reported induced electric charges in rotating cylinders of different metals. In order to explain these observations, Woodward used a generalization of Maxwell’s equations, proposed by Luchak. These equations contain the gravitational field, but their predictions appeared to be not quite satisfactory. Since that time, no attempts have been made to explain the observed charges. Previously, related experiments on rotating metal cylinders were carried out by Surdin in 1977 and 1980. He reported reversing magnetic induction fields near rotating cylinders of bronze and tungsten. In this work a renewed analysis of the observations above is given, applying a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic equations, deduced from general relativity. In this approach it is assumed that the gravitomagnetic field is equivalent to the magnetic induction field from electromagnetic origin. Formulas for the generated gravitomagnetic field, the induced voltage and induced charge Q in Woodward’s falling cylinders have been deduced. The predicted charges are proportional to the impact velocity, but are an order of magnitude smaller than the observed charges. The magnetic induction fields observed by Surdin are in agreement with the predictions from the proposed theory, but no explanation for the reversal of these fields has been given.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In 1980 Woodward reported generation of induced electric charges Q in falling cylinders of copper, steel and aluminium. In 1982 he also reported induced electric charges in rotating cylinders of different metals. In order to explain these observations, Woodward used a generalization of Maxwell’s equations, proposed by Luchak. These equations contain the gravitational field, but their predictions appeared to be not quite satisfactory. Since that time, no attempts have been made to explain the observed charges. Previously, related experiments on rotating metal cylinders were carried out by Surdin in 1977 and 1980. He reported reversing magnetic induction fields near rotating cylinders of bronze and tungsten. In this work a renewed analysis of the observations above is given, applying a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic equations, deduced from general relativity. In this approach it is assumed that the gravitomagnetic field is equivalent to the magnetic induction field from electromagnetic origin. Formulas for the generated gravitomagnetic field, the induced voltage and induced charge Q in Woodward’s falling cylinders have been deduced. The predicted charges are proportional to the impact velocity, but are an order of magnitude smaller than the observed charges. The magnetic induction fields observed by Surdin are in agreement with the predictions from the proposed theory, but no explanation for the reversal of these fields has been given.
Biemond, Jacob
The gravitomagnetic field of a sphere, Gravity Probe B and the LAGEOS satellites Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2012.
@article{arXiv:0802.3346,
title = {The gravitomagnetic field of a sphere, Gravity Probe B and the LAGEOS satellites},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/0802.3346},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-14},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {The gravitomagnetic field generated by a rotating sphere is usually calculated from the ideal dipole model. However, for a sphere with a homogeneous mass density, this model is not generally valid. Trying to obtain a more accurate value of the gravitomagnetic field inside and outside the sphere, series expansions for this field are presented in this paper. The calculated polar gravitomagnetic field of the sphere and that from the ideal dipole model appear to coincide, but the field in the vicinity of the sphere may deviate.
The deduced field within the sphere strongly deviates from the ideal dipole
result.
As an illustration, the gravitomagnetic precession rate (or frame-dragging effect) of a gyroscope moving in the gravitomagnetic field from a large rotating sphere is calculated. For the Gravity Probe B experiment the result may coincide with the prediction from the ideal dipole model and in fair
agreement with observations. In addition, the obtained Lense-Thirring
precession rate for the LAGEOS satellites probably coincides with the standard prediction. For both experiments alternative predictions are calculated, when the gravitomagnetic field and the magnetic field from moving charge are equivalent. Theoretical and observational indications for such an equivalence are summarized.
The obtained series expansions for the gravitomagnetic field of a sphere can also be applied to the calculation of the magnetic field, generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous charge density. Results for this case are also discussed.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The gravitomagnetic field generated by a rotating sphere is usually calculated from the ideal dipole model. However, for a sphere with a homogeneous mass density, this model is not generally valid. Trying to obtain a more accurate value of the gravitomagnetic field inside and outside the sphere, series expansions for this field are presented in this paper. The calculated polar gravitomagnetic field of the sphere and that from the ideal dipole model appear to coincide, but the field in the vicinity of the sphere may deviate.
The deduced field within the sphere strongly deviates from the ideal dipole
result.
As an illustration, the gravitomagnetic precession rate (or frame-dragging effect) of a gyroscope moving in the gravitomagnetic field from a large rotating sphere is calculated. For the Gravity Probe B experiment the result may coincide with the prediction from the ideal dipole model and in fair
agreement with observations. In addition, the obtained Lense-Thirring
precession rate for the LAGEOS satellites probably coincides with the standard prediction. For both experiments alternative predictions are calculated, when the gravitomagnetic field and the magnetic field from moving charge are equivalent. Theoretical and observational indications for such an equivalence are summarized.
The obtained series expansions for the gravitomagnetic field of a sphere can also be applied to the calculation of the magnetic field, generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous charge density. Results for this case are also discussed.
The deduced field within the sphere strongly deviates from the ideal dipole
result.
As an illustration, the gravitomagnetic precession rate (or frame-dragging effect) of a gyroscope moving in the gravitomagnetic field from a large rotating sphere is calculated. For the Gravity Probe B experiment the result may coincide with the prediction from the ideal dipole model and in fair
agreement with observations. In addition, the obtained Lense-Thirring
precession rate for the LAGEOS satellites probably coincides with the standard prediction. For both experiments alternative predictions are calculated, when the gravitomagnetic field and the magnetic field from moving charge are equivalent. Theoretical and observational indications for such an equivalence are summarized.
The obtained series expansions for the gravitomagnetic field of a sphere can also be applied to the calculation of the magnetic field, generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous charge density. Results for this case are also discussed.
Biemond, Jacob
The Gravitomagnetic Vector Potential and the Gravitomagnetic Field of a Rotating Sphere Journal Article
In: viXra, 2012.
@article{viXra:1205.0064,
title = {The Gravitomagnetic Vector Potential and the Gravitomagnetic Field of a Rotating Sphere},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {The gravitomagnetic vector potential and corresponding gravitomagnetic field generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous mass density are investigated. Outside the sphere both vector potential and field may coincide with the results from the ideal dipole model. For the axial gravitomagnetic field inside the sphere a new exact expression is derived.
More general expressions for both vector potential and field inside the sphere are proposed and checked. Their validity is compared with series expansions for the equatorial gravitomagnetic vector potential and gravitomagnetic field. Application of Stokes' theorem to the basic gravitomagnetic equation is compatible with the ideal dipole result for the gravitomagnetic field at the surface of the sphere. Starting from the basic gravitomagnetic equations, the validity of the general internal gravitomagnetic field is confirmed. Observations of two LAGEOS satellites, Gravity Probe B mission and planned ring-laser experiment are shortly discussed.
Starting from the Maxwell equations, the present treatment can also be applied to the electromagnetic case. Analogous results are found for the electromagnetic vector potential and the electromagnetic field.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The gravitomagnetic vector potential and corresponding gravitomagnetic field generated by a rotating sphere with a homogeneous mass density are investigated. Outside the sphere both vector potential and field may coincide with the results from the ideal dipole model. For the axial gravitomagnetic field inside the sphere a new exact expression is derived.
More general expressions for both vector potential and field inside the sphere are proposed and checked. Their validity is compared with series expansions for the equatorial gravitomagnetic vector potential and gravitomagnetic field. Application of Stokes' theorem to the basic gravitomagnetic equation is compatible with the ideal dipole result for the gravitomagnetic field at the surface of the sphere. Starting from the basic gravitomagnetic equations, the validity of the general internal gravitomagnetic field is confirmed. Observations of two LAGEOS satellites, Gravity Probe B mission and planned ring-laser experiment are shortly discussed.
Starting from the Maxwell equations, the present treatment can also be applied to the electromagnetic case. Analogous results are found for the electromagnetic vector potential and the electromagnetic field.
More general expressions for both vector potential and field inside the sphere are proposed and checked. Their validity is compared with series expansions for the equatorial gravitomagnetic vector potential and gravitomagnetic field. Application of Stokes' theorem to the basic gravitomagnetic equation is compatible with the ideal dipole result for the gravitomagnetic field at the surface of the sphere. Starting from the basic gravitomagnetic equations, the validity of the general internal gravitomagnetic field is confirmed. Observations of two LAGEOS satellites, Gravity Probe B mission and planned ring-laser experiment are shortly discussed.
Starting from the Maxwell equations, the present treatment can also be applied to the electromagnetic case. Analogous results are found for the electromagnetic vector potential and the electromagnetic field.
Biemond, Jacob
Quasi-Periodic Oscillations of Scorpius X-1 Journal Article
In: viXra, 2012.
@article{viXra:1211.0092,
title = {Quasi-Periodic Oscillations of Scorpius X-1},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://vixra.org/pdf/1211.0092v1.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {A comprehensive model for the explanation of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), predicting seven QPO frequencies has recently been presented. In this work it is applied to the observed QPOs of Scorpius X-1. The three highest QPO frequencies are assumed to arise from three circular tori: an inner torus with charge Qi, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an outer torus with charge Qo, whereas the star bears a charge Qs (three tori model).
As a consequence of a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, the three tori are subjected to a total number of four precessions. Expressions for the resulting four gravitomagnetic precession frequencies have recently been presented. It is argued that observation of Lense-Thirring precession need not to become manifest in this approach.
For the Kepler-like frequency of the torus with total mass mm the additional contribution of the gravitational interaction between a mass element dmm and the remaining mass in the torus is explicitly calculated for the first time. The contribution appears to be small.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with two sets of seven QPOs, extracted from observations of Sco X-1. The results are compared with corresponding observations and predictions for four other pulsars and two black holes. Estimates for the Lense-Thirring precessions are also compared with observed QPO frequencies.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A comprehensive model for the explanation of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), predicting seven QPO frequencies has recently been presented. In this work it is applied to the observed QPOs of Scorpius X-1. The three highest QPO frequencies are assumed to arise from three circular tori: an inner torus with charge Qi, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an outer torus with charge Qo, whereas the star bears a charge Qs (three tori model).
As a consequence of a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, the three tori are subjected to a total number of four precessions. Expressions for the resulting four gravitomagnetic precession frequencies have recently been presented. It is argued that observation of Lense-Thirring precession need not to become manifest in this approach.
For the Kepler-like frequency of the torus with total mass mm the additional contribution of the gravitational interaction between a mass element dmm and the remaining mass in the torus is explicitly calculated for the first time. The contribution appears to be small.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with two sets of seven QPOs, extracted from observations of Sco X-1. The results are compared with corresponding observations and predictions for four other pulsars and two black holes. Estimates for the Lense-Thirring precessions are also compared with observed QPO frequencies.
As a consequence of a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory, the three tori are subjected to a total number of four precessions. Expressions for the resulting four gravitomagnetic precession frequencies have recently been presented. It is argued that observation of Lense-Thirring precession need not to become manifest in this approach.
For the Kepler-like frequency of the torus with total mass mm the additional contribution of the gravitational interaction between a mass element dmm and the remaining mass in the torus is explicitly calculated for the first time. The contribution appears to be small.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with two sets of seven QPOs, extracted from observations of Sco X-1. The results are compared with corresponding observations and predictions for four other pulsars and two black holes. Estimates for the Lense-Thirring precessions are also compared with observed QPO frequencies.
Biemond, Jacob
Earth's Charge and the Charges of the Van Allen Belts Journal Article
In: viXra, 2010.
@article{viXra:1008.0071,
title = {Earth's Charge and the Charges of the Van Allen Belts},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://viXra.org/abs/1008.0071},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-25},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {In this paper three separate charges are distinguished for the Earth and its magnetosphere. First, it is assumed, that the Earth and its nearest atmosphere bear a net negative charge QE. Secondly, a positive charge Qi and a negative charge Qo are proposed for the inner and outer Van Allen belt, respectively. Thirdly, a belt with net zero charge (electron slot) will be assumed to be present between both charged belts.
According to the three tori model, recently developed for pulsars and black holes, equilibrium may exist between the charges QE, Qi and Qo. Three expressions for the Coulomb electric field at different distances from Earth's centre are derived from the same model. Using available data, values for the three charges are deduced for the solar minimum and maximum, respectively. An averaged charge QE of about −1 C is extracted for the Earth. Some other features of the model are discussed, among them the flow of charge during the change from solar minimum to maximum.
Furthermore, it is shown that the magnitude of Earth's magnetic field cannot be explained by the motion of the charges QE, Qi and Qo. In order to obtain a better explanation, the so-called Wilson-Blackett law is discussed. In addition, a large toroidal electric current in the Earth is proposed},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper three separate charges are distinguished for the Earth and its magnetosphere. First, it is assumed, that the Earth and its nearest atmosphere bear a net negative charge QE. Secondly, a positive charge Qi and a negative charge Qo are proposed for the inner and outer Van Allen belt, respectively. Thirdly, a belt with net zero charge (electron slot) will be assumed to be present between both charged belts.
According to the three tori model, recently developed for pulsars and black holes, equilibrium may exist between the charges QE, Qi and Qo. Three expressions for the Coulomb electric field at different distances from Earth's centre are derived from the same model. Using available data, values for the three charges are deduced for the solar minimum and maximum, respectively. An averaged charge QE of about −1 C is extracted for the Earth. Some other features of the model are discussed, among them the flow of charge during the change from solar minimum to maximum.
Furthermore, it is shown that the magnitude of Earth's magnetic field cannot be explained by the motion of the charges QE, Qi and Qo. In order to obtain a better explanation, the so-called Wilson-Blackett law is discussed. In addition, a large toroidal electric current in the Earth is proposed
According to the three tori model, recently developed for pulsars and black holes, equilibrium may exist between the charges QE, Qi and Qo. Three expressions for the Coulomb electric field at different distances from Earth's centre are derived from the same model. Using available data, values for the three charges are deduced for the solar minimum and maximum, respectively. An averaged charge QE of about −1 C is extracted for the Earth. Some other features of the model are discussed, among them the flow of charge during the change from solar minimum to maximum.
Furthermore, it is shown that the magnitude of Earth's magnetic field cannot be explained by the motion of the charges QE, Qi and Qo. In order to obtain a better explanation, the so-called Wilson-Blackett law is discussed. In addition, a large toroidal electric current in the Earth is proposed
Biemond, Jacob
Quasi-Periodic Oscillations, Mass and Jets of Black Holes: XTE J1550-564 and Sgr A* Journal Article
In: viXra, 2010.
@article{viXra:1001.0021,
title = {Quasi-Periodic Oscillations, Mass and Jets of Black Holes: XTE J1550-564 and Sgr A*},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://vixra.org/pdf/1001.0021v1.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-18},
journal = {viXra},
abstract = {In this paper the recently proposed three tori model for the explanation of three high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) has been applied to black holes. The circular tori are: an outer torus with charge Qo, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an inner torus with charge Qi, whereas the star bears a charge Qs. Especially, the gravitational interaction between the torus with mass mm and the masses of the other two tori has been taken into account in this work.
For the explanation of four low frequency QPOs a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory has again been applied.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with deduced high and low frequency QPOs of the stellar black hole XTE J1550-564 and the supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Moreover, the Lense-Thirring precession frequency for black holes is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that a massive torus around Sgr A* may lead to a higher and anisotropic observed mass for the black hole. Finally, the origin of jets is investigated by studying the radial motion of charge in the Kerr-Newman space-time. It is shown that charge may be bound on a shell slightly outside the ergosphere.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper the recently proposed three tori model for the explanation of three high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) has been applied to black holes. The circular tori are: an outer torus with charge Qo, a torus with mass mm in the middle and an inner torus with charge Qi, whereas the star bears a charge Qs. Especially, the gravitational interaction between the torus with mass mm and the masses of the other two tori has been taken into account in this work.
For the explanation of four low frequency QPOs a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory has again been applied.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with deduced high and low frequency QPOs of the stellar black hole XTE J1550-564 and the supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Moreover, the Lense-Thirring precession frequency for black holes is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that a massive torus around Sgr A* may lead to a higher and anisotropic observed mass for the black hole. Finally, the origin of jets is investigated by studying the radial motion of charge in the Kerr-Newman space-time. It is shown that charge may be bound on a shell slightly outside the ergosphere.
For the explanation of four low frequency QPOs a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory has again been applied.
Predictions of the new model are compatible with deduced high and low frequency QPOs of the stellar black hole XTE J1550-564 and the supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Moreover, the Lense-Thirring precession frequency for black holes is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that a massive torus around Sgr A* may lead to a higher and anisotropic observed mass for the black hole. Finally, the origin of jets is investigated by studying the radial motion of charge in the Kerr-Newman space-time. It is shown that charge may be bound on a shell slightly outside the ergosphere.
Biemond, Jacob
Quasi-periodic oscillations, charge and the gravitomagnetic theory Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2009.
@article{arXiv:0706.0313,
title = {Quasi-periodic oscillations, charge and the gravitomagnetic theory},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0313},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {A new model for the explanation of the high frequency quasi-periodic
oscillations (QPOs) in pulsars, black holes and white dwarfs is presented.
Three circular tori are assumed to be present around the star: an inner torus
with charge $Q_i$, an outer torus with charge $Q_o$ and a torus with
electrically neutral mass $m_m$ in the middle, whereas the star bears a charge
$Q_s$ ($Q_o$ and $Q_s$ have the same sign, $Q_i$ the opposite one). The
frequency $nu_m$ of the mass current is approximately given by the Kepler
frequency, whereas the frequencies of $Q_i$ and $Q_o$, $nu_i$ and $nu_o$,
respectively, are calculated from classical mechanics and Coulomb's law.
For the explanation of the low frequency QPOs in pulsars and black holes a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory may be essential. From the latter theory four new gravitomagnetic precession frequencies are deduced, which may be identified with the observed low frequency QPOs.
Predictions of the presented model are compared with observed high frequency
and low frequency QPOs of the pulsars SAX J1808.4--3658, XTE J1807--294, IGR
J00291+5934, SGR 1806--20 and the black hole XTE J1550--564. In addition,
charge flow near the pole of pulsars may explain frequency drift of burst
oscillations. Moreover, charge flow at the equator of SAX J1808.4--3658 may be
the cause of the enigmatic 410 kHz QPO. Furthermore, the Lense-Thirring
frequency is discussed and a modified formula is compared with data of the
pulsars.
Contrary to pulsars and black holes, the low frequency QPOs of white dwarfs
might be attributed to electromagnetic precession frequencies, deduced in this
work. Predictions are compared with data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi.
Summing up, the new model seems to be in agreement with more observations than previously proposed alternatives.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new model for the explanation of the high frequency quasi-periodic
oscillations (QPOs) in pulsars, black holes and white dwarfs is presented.
Three circular tori are assumed to be present around the star: an inner torus
with charge $Q_i$, an outer torus with charge $Q_o$ and a torus with
electrically neutral mass $m_m$ in the middle, whereas the star bears a charge
$Q_s$ ($Q_o$ and $Q_s$ have the same sign, $Q_i$ the opposite one). The
frequency $nu_m$ of the mass current is approximately given by the Kepler
frequency, whereas the frequencies of $Q_i$ and $Q_o$, $nu_i$ and $nu_o$,
respectively, are calculated from classical mechanics and Coulomb's law.
For the explanation of the low frequency QPOs in pulsars and black holes a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory may be essential. From the latter theory four new gravitomagnetic precession frequencies are deduced, which may be identified with the observed low frequency QPOs.
Predictions of the presented model are compared with observed high frequency
and low frequency QPOs of the pulsars SAX J1808.4--3658, XTE J1807--294, IGR
J00291+5934, SGR 1806--20 and the black hole XTE J1550--564. In addition,
charge flow near the pole of pulsars may explain frequency drift of burst
oscillations. Moreover, charge flow at the equator of SAX J1808.4--3658 may be
the cause of the enigmatic 410 kHz QPO. Furthermore, the Lense-Thirring
frequency is discussed and a modified formula is compared with data of the
pulsars.
Contrary to pulsars and black holes, the low frequency QPOs of white dwarfs
might be attributed to electromagnetic precession frequencies, deduced in this
work. Predictions are compared with data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi.
Summing up, the new model seems to be in agreement with more observations than previously proposed alternatives.
oscillations (QPOs) in pulsars, black holes and white dwarfs is presented.
Three circular tori are assumed to be present around the star: an inner torus
with charge $Q_i$, an outer torus with charge $Q_o$ and a torus with
electrically neutral mass $m_m$ in the middle, whereas the star bears a charge
$Q_s$ ($Q_o$ and $Q_s$ have the same sign, $Q_i$ the opposite one). The
frequency $nu_m$ of the mass current is approximately given by the Kepler
frequency, whereas the frequencies of $Q_i$ and $Q_o$, $nu_i$ and $nu_o$,
respectively, are calculated from classical mechanics and Coulomb's law.
For the explanation of the low frequency QPOs in pulsars and black holes a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory may be essential. From the latter theory four new gravitomagnetic precession frequencies are deduced, which may be identified with the observed low frequency QPOs.
Predictions of the presented model are compared with observed high frequency
and low frequency QPOs of the pulsars SAX J1808.4--3658, XTE J1807--294, IGR
J00291+5934, SGR 1806--20 and the black hole XTE J1550--564. In addition,
charge flow near the pole of pulsars may explain frequency drift of burst
oscillations. Moreover, charge flow at the equator of SAX J1808.4--3658 may be
the cause of the enigmatic 410 kHz QPO. Furthermore, the Lense-Thirring
frequency is discussed and a modified formula is compared with data of the
pulsars.
Contrary to pulsars and black holes, the low frequency QPOs of white dwarfs
might be attributed to electromagnetic precession frequencies, deduced in this
work. Predictions are compared with data of the dwarf nova VW Hyi.
Summing up, the new model seems to be in agreement with more observations than previously proposed alternatives.
Biemond, Jacob
Which gravitomagnetic precession rate will be measured by Gravity Probe B? Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2004.
@article{arXiv:physics/0411129,
title = {Which gravitomagnetic precession rate will be measured by Gravity Probe B?},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0411129},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-11-13},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {General relativity predicts a "hyperfine" precession rate for a gyroscope moving in the gravitomagnetic field of a rotating massive body. The recently launched Gravity Probe B (GP-B) will test the predicted precession rate of 40.9 milliarc-seconds per year for a set of four gyroscopes in a Polar Earth Orbit (PEO).
It may be possible, however, that the gravitomagnetic field from a rotating mass behaves in the same way as the magnetic field generated by a moving charge. In that case the predicted precession rate of a gyroscope will
be zero, since the gyroscopes of GP-B have been shielded against external
magnetic fields.
Another possible manifestation of the equivalence of gravitomagnetic and magnetic field may already have been found. It is the so-called Wilson Blackett law, approximately describing the magnetic field of many rotating celestial bodies.
In this work a review of the gravitomagnetic approach is given starting from the Einstein equations. Four gravitomagnetic equations, analogous to the Maxwell equations, are deduced. The Wilson Blackett relation follows from these equations, if the gravitomagnetic field is identified as a common magnetic field.
In addition, the precession rate for a
gyroscope in terms of the gravito-magnetic field has been derived, starting from the principle of general covariance. The gravitomagnetic field may again be identified as a common magnetic field, or can be evaluated in the standard way. The future bservations from GP-B may discriminate between the alternative choices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
General relativity predicts a "hyperfine" precession rate for a gyroscope moving in the gravitomagnetic field of a rotating massive body. The recently launched Gravity Probe B (GP-B) will test the predicted precession rate of 40.9 milliarc-seconds per year for a set of four gyroscopes in a Polar Earth Orbit (PEO).
It may be possible, however, that the gravitomagnetic field from a rotating mass behaves in the same way as the magnetic field generated by a moving charge. In that case the predicted precession rate of a gyroscope will
be zero, since the gyroscopes of GP-B have been shielded against external
magnetic fields.
Another possible manifestation of the equivalence of gravitomagnetic and magnetic field may already have been found. It is the so-called Wilson Blackett law, approximately describing the magnetic field of many rotating celestial bodies.
In this work a review of the gravitomagnetic approach is given starting from the Einstein equations. Four gravitomagnetic equations, analogous to the Maxwell equations, are deduced. The Wilson Blackett relation follows from these equations, if the gravitomagnetic field is identified as a common magnetic field.
In addition, the precession rate for a
gyroscope in terms of the gravito-magnetic field has been derived, starting from the principle of general covariance. The gravitomagnetic field may again be identified as a common magnetic field, or can be evaluated in the standard way. The future bservations from GP-B may discriminate between the alternative choices.
It may be possible, however, that the gravitomagnetic field from a rotating mass behaves in the same way as the magnetic field generated by a moving charge. In that case the predicted precession rate of a gyroscope will
be zero, since the gyroscopes of GP-B have been shielded against external
magnetic fields.
Another possible manifestation of the equivalence of gravitomagnetic and magnetic field may already have been found. It is the so-called Wilson Blackett law, approximately describing the magnetic field of many rotating celestial bodies.
In this work a review of the gravitomagnetic approach is given starting from the Einstein equations. Four gravitomagnetic equations, analogous to the Maxwell equations, are deduced. The Wilson Blackett relation follows from these equations, if the gravitomagnetic field is identified as a common magnetic field.
In addition, the precession rate for a
gyroscope in terms of the gravito-magnetic field has been derived, starting from the principle of general covariance. The gravitomagnetic field may again be identified as a common magnetic field, or can be evaluated in the standard way. The future bservations from GP-B may discriminate between the alternative choices.
Biemond, Jacob
The magnetic field of pulsars and the gravito-magnetic theory Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2004.
@article{arXiv:astro-ph/0401468,
title = {The magnetic field of pulsars and the gravito-magnetic theory},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401468},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-22},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {Many authors have considered a gravitational origin of the magnetic field of celestial bodies. Especially, the so-called Wilson-Blackett formula has been investigated, both theoretically and observationally. It appeared possible to deduce this formula from general relativity, e. g., by application of a special interpretation of gravito-magnetic theory. More consequences of the latter theory for pulsars will be considered in this work.
As an example, the standard quadrupolar charge density for pulsars can be deduced from the gravito-magnetic
theory. Moreover, a new magnetic dipole moment from electromagnetic origin is
found, generated in the basic magnetic field from gravito-magnetic origin.
In general, for thirteen accreting, slowly rotating, binary pulsars the agreement between the observed magnetic field and the gravito-magnetic prediction is better than between the observed value and the value from the standard magnetic dipole radiation model. At present, an analogous comparison for five isolated pulsars appears to be difficult.
For a sample of 100 pulsars the averaged
(gravito-)magnetic field, extracted from the magnetic dipole spin-down model, is in fair agreement with the gravito-magnetic prediction. Unfortunately, the
(gravito-)magnetic field has not yet directly been measured. Finally, it is
found that the first and second order braking indices only depend on the
magnetic field from electromagnetic origin.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Many authors have considered a gravitational origin of the magnetic field of celestial bodies. Especially, the so-called Wilson-Blackett formula has been investigated, both theoretically and observationally. It appeared possible to deduce this formula from general relativity, e. g., by application of a special interpretation of gravito-magnetic theory. More consequences of the latter theory for pulsars will be considered in this work.
As an example, the standard quadrupolar charge density for pulsars can be deduced from the gravito-magnetic
theory. Moreover, a new magnetic dipole moment from electromagnetic origin is
found, generated in the basic magnetic field from gravito-magnetic origin.
In general, for thirteen accreting, slowly rotating, binary pulsars the agreement between the observed magnetic field and the gravito-magnetic prediction is better than between the observed value and the value from the standard magnetic dipole radiation model. At present, an analogous comparison for five isolated pulsars appears to be difficult.
For a sample of 100 pulsars the averaged
(gravito-)magnetic field, extracted from the magnetic dipole spin-down model, is in fair agreement with the gravito-magnetic prediction. Unfortunately, the
(gravito-)magnetic field has not yet directly been measured. Finally, it is
found that the first and second order braking indices only depend on the
magnetic field from electromagnetic origin.
As an example, the standard quadrupolar charge density for pulsars can be deduced from the gravito-magnetic
theory. Moreover, a new magnetic dipole moment from electromagnetic origin is
found, generated in the basic magnetic field from gravito-magnetic origin.
In general, for thirteen accreting, slowly rotating, binary pulsars the agreement between the observed magnetic field and the gravito-magnetic prediction is better than between the observed value and the value from the standard magnetic dipole radiation model. At present, an analogous comparison for five isolated pulsars appears to be difficult.
For a sample of 100 pulsars the averaged
(gravito-)magnetic field, extracted from the magnetic dipole spin-down model, is in fair agreement with the gravito-magnetic prediction. Unfortunately, the
(gravito-)magnetic field has not yet directly been measured. Finally, it is
found that the first and second order braking indices only depend on the
magnetic field from electromagnetic origin.
Biemond, Jacob
Are electromagnetic phenomena derivable from extended Einstein equations? Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2001.
@article{arXiv:physics/0104009,
title = {Are electromagnetic phenomena derivable from extended Einstein equations?},
author = {Jacob Biemond},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0104009},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-04-02},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {A new term describing interactions between charge and potentials may be added to the right hand side of the Einstein equations. In the proposed term an additional tensor has been introduced containing a charge density, analogous to the energy-momentum tensor containing a mass density. (The contribution of the
electromagnetic fields has not been considered in this work.) The metric
components in the new equations may contain charge and mass contributions.
In the special relativistic case a set of four vacuum Maxwell equations is
obtained from the new equations containing a special relativistic charge
density. A related result was recently found by Jefimenko from a special
relativistic transformation. Moreover, from the postulated equations the usual
special relativistic electric energy and Lorentz force can be calculated, when
the approximated electromagnetic metric is used. In the non-relativistic case
the usual Maxwell equations with rest charge density are obtained.
In the presence of a static gravitational field a set of four Maxwell equations is obtained applying in the general relativistic case. From these equations the generally accepted isotropic velocity of light can be deduced. In addition,calculated generalized Maxwell equations show that vacuum permittivity and permeability may differ from unity value in the presence of a big charge Q or a big mass M.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new term describing interactions between charge and potentials may be added to the right hand side of the Einstein equations. In the proposed term an additional tensor has been introduced containing a charge density, analogous to the energy-momentum tensor containing a mass density. (The contribution of the
electromagnetic fields has not been considered in this work.) The metric
components in the new equations may contain charge and mass contributions.
In the special relativistic case a set of four vacuum Maxwell equations is
obtained from the new equations containing a special relativistic charge
density. A related result was recently found by Jefimenko from a special
relativistic transformation. Moreover, from the postulated equations the usual
special relativistic electric energy and Lorentz force can be calculated, when
the approximated electromagnetic metric is used. In the non-relativistic case
the usual Maxwell equations with rest charge density are obtained.
In the presence of a static gravitational field a set of four Maxwell equations is obtained applying in the general relativistic case. From these equations the generally accepted isotropic velocity of light can be deduced. In addition,calculated generalized Maxwell equations show that vacuum permittivity and permeability may differ from unity value in the presence of a big charge Q or a big mass M.
electromagnetic fields has not been considered in this work.) The metric
components in the new equations may contain charge and mass contributions.
In the special relativistic case a set of four vacuum Maxwell equations is
obtained from the new equations containing a special relativistic charge
density. A related result was recently found by Jefimenko from a special
relativistic transformation. Moreover, from the postulated equations the usual
special relativistic electric energy and Lorentz force can be calculated, when
the approximated electromagnetic metric is used. In the non-relativistic case
the usual Maxwell equations with rest charge density are obtained.
In the presence of a static gravitational field a set of four Maxwell equations is obtained applying in the general relativistic case. From these equations the generally accepted isotropic velocity of light can be deduced. In addition,calculated generalized Maxwell equations show that vacuum permittivity and permeability may differ from unity value in the presence of a big charge Q or a big mass M.
Huizinga, Menno; Ragas, Huub A W; Arno, H J Schrijvers; Biemond, Jaap
Electric reaction field of a molecular octopole and the solvent proton chemical shift of methane Journal Article
In: Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2, vol. 83, no. 11, pp. 2067–2071, 1987.
@article{citeulike:13268311,
title = {Electric reaction field of a molecular octopole and the solvent proton chemical shift of methane},
author = {Menno Huizinga and Huub A W Ragas and H J Schrijvers Arno and Jaap Biemond},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/F29878302067},
doi = {10.1039/F29878302067},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2},
volume = {83},
number = {11},
pages = {2067--2071},
abstract = {The known gas-to-infinite-dilution 1H n.m.r. chemical shift of methane possessing a molecular octopole is usually attributed to the van der Waals term, σW. Recently, Homer and Percival showed that the so-called buffeting interaction term, σBI, also makes a contribution to the solvent shift of methane. In this work another contribution to the solvent shift, due to the reaction field of the electric octopole of methane, is considered. A formula for this electric-field contribution to the chemical shift, denoted by σE, is presented and compared with experiment.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The known gas-to-infinite-dilution 1H n.m.r. chemical shift of methane possessing a molecular octopole is usually attributed to the van der Waals term, σW. Recently, Homer and Percival showed that the so-called buffeting interaction term, σBI, also makes a contribution to the solvent shift of methane. In this work another contribution to the solvent shift, due to the reaction field of the electric octopole of methane, is considered. A formula for this electric-field contribution to the chemical shift, denoted by σE, is presented and compared with experiment.
Geurds, Hans G W; Regtuit, Hans E; van den Meerendonk, Marjon G J A; Biemond, Jaap
Solvent shifts of the proton magnetic resonance of hydrogen, benzene and mesitylene Journal Article
In: Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1039–1045, 1984.
@article{citeulike:13268246,
title = {Solvent shifts of the proton magnetic resonance of hydrogen, benzene and mesitylene},
author = {Hans G W Geurds and Hans E Regtuit and Marjon G J A van den Meerendonk and Jaap Biemond},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/F29848001039},
doi = {10.1039/F29848001039},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2},
volume = {80},
number = {9},
pages = {1039--1045},
abstract = {The gas-to-infinite dilution 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts of a non-polar solute dissolved in non-polar solvents are generally attributed to the van der Waals term, σW. Another contribution to the solvent shift not earlier considered is the electric-field term, σE, due to the electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole in a dilute solution.
In this paper a formula for σE for a polarisable, axial quadrupole is presented. It shows a dependence on the distance from the centre of the solute to the considered 1H nucleus, which has been compared with experiment. For the solutes hydrogen, benzene and mesitylene, all possessing a molecular quadrupole, the 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts σE predicted by the new formula are compared with those calculated from a standard formula for σW and with existing experimental data. For the chosen molecules it appears that the contribution of σE may not be neglected in comparison with the van der Waals term σW.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The gas-to-infinite dilution 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts of a non-polar solute dissolved in non-polar solvents are generally attributed to the van der Waals term, σW. Another contribution to the solvent shift not earlier considered is the electric-field term, σE, due to the electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole in a dilute solution.
In this paper a formula for σE for a polarisable, axial quadrupole is presented. It shows a dependence on the distance from the centre of the solute to the considered 1H nucleus, which has been compared with experiment. For the solutes hydrogen, benzene and mesitylene, all possessing a molecular quadrupole, the 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts σE predicted by the new formula are compared with those calculated from a standard formula for σW and with existing experimental data. For the chosen molecules it appears that the contribution of σE may not be neglected in comparison with the van der Waals term σW.
In this paper a formula for σE for a polarisable, axial quadrupole is presented. It shows a dependence on the distance from the centre of the solute to the considered 1H nucleus, which has been compared with experiment. For the solutes hydrogen, benzene and mesitylene, all possessing a molecular quadrupole, the 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts σE predicted by the new formula are compared with those calculated from a standard formula for σW and with existing experimental data. For the chosen molecules it appears that the contribution of σE may not be neglected in comparison with the van der Waals term σW.
van Pelt, Jos F J M; Brondijk, Johan J; Claessen, Victor W M; Biemond, Jaap
Electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole and solvent chemical shift Journal Article
In: Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2, vol. 77, no. 10, pp. 1789–1794, 1981.
@article{citeulike:13268207,
title = {Electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole and solvent chemical shift},
author = {Jos F J M van Pelt and Johan J Brondijk and Victor W M Claessen and Jaap Biemond},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/F29817701789},
doi = {10.1039/F29817701789},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2},
volume = {77},
number = {10},
pages = {1789--1794},
abstract = {1 H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical-shift measurements on benzene and acetylene in a series of solvents are presented. We have tried to separate the electric-field contribution, σE, from the total solvent chemical shift of these solutes possessing a molecular quadrupole.
Twenty years ago Buckingham proposed a theoretical relation between the electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole and the chemical shift of a proton in that molecule, but his relation has not been tested experimentally. The isolated electric-field solvent shifts from the quadrupoles benzene and acetylene appear to be in reasonable agreement with the slightly extended theory. A discussion of the difference is given.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1 H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical-shift measurements on benzene and acetylene in a series of solvents are presented. We have tried to separate the electric-field contribution, σE, from the total solvent chemical shift of these solutes possessing a molecular quadrupole.
Twenty years ago Buckingham proposed a theoretical relation between the electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole and the chemical shift of a proton in that molecule, but his relation has not been tested experimentally. The isolated electric-field solvent shifts from the quadrupoles benzene and acetylene appear to be in reasonable agreement with the slightly extended theory. A discussion of the difference is given.
Twenty years ago Buckingham proposed a theoretical relation between the electric reaction field of a molecular quadrupole and the chemical shift of a proton in that molecule, but his relation has not been tested experimentally. The isolated electric-field solvent shifts from the quadrupoles benzene and acetylene appear to be in reasonable agreement with the slightly extended theory. A discussion of the difference is given.
Biemond, J
Dielectric alignment of a non-polar molecule substituting a polar molecule in a lattice of molecular dipoles Journal Article
In: Physica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 385–394, 1977.
@article{citeulike:13268137,
title = {Dielectric alignment of a non-polar molecule substituting a polar molecule in a lattice of molecular dipoles},
author = {J Biemond},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(77)90012-7},
doi = {10.1016/0378-4371(77)90012-7},
year = {1977},
date = {1977-01-01},
journal = {Physica},
volume = {88},
number = {2},
pages = {385--394},
abstract = {The dielectric alignment of a dilute non-polar component in a polar solvent may be determined by NMR spectroscopy. In this paper a series expansion of the alignment up to second order terms in the dipolar interaction is presented for a non-polar molecule replacing a single polar molecule in a rigid lattice of molecular dipoles. Assuming isotropic polarizabilities for all molecules Van Vleck earlier applied the lattice model in a theory of the dielectric constant of a dilute solution.
In the present calculation the polarizabilities of the non-polar molecule and the dipoles are assumed to be anisotropic and isotropic, respectively. The anisotropy of the non-polar molecule is relevant, since the value of the alignment is zero for the isotropic case. Different results are obtained for cubic lattices and for a lattice points are uniformly distributed.
In absence of a rigid dipole moment of the solvent molecules the latter formula may be compared with that implicity deduced by Buckingham for the Kerr effect. In the limit of strong dipoles the orientation imposed by the rigid dipole moments appears to be the major contribution to the alignment of the non-polar molecule.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The dielectric alignment of a dilute non-polar component in a polar solvent may be determined by NMR spectroscopy. In this paper a series expansion of the alignment up to second order terms in the dipolar interaction is presented for a non-polar molecule replacing a single polar molecule in a rigid lattice of molecular dipoles. Assuming isotropic polarizabilities for all molecules Van Vleck earlier applied the lattice model in a theory of the dielectric constant of a dilute solution.
In the present calculation the polarizabilities of the non-polar molecule and the dipoles are assumed to be anisotropic and isotropic, respectively. The anisotropy of the non-polar molecule is relevant, since the value of the alignment is zero for the isotropic case. Different results are obtained for cubic lattices and for a lattice points are uniformly distributed.
In absence of a rigid dipole moment of the solvent molecules the latter formula may be compared with that implicity deduced by Buckingham for the Kerr effect. In the limit of strong dipoles the orientation imposed by the rigid dipole moments appears to be the major contribution to the alignment of the non-polar molecule.
In the present calculation the polarizabilities of the non-polar molecule and the dipoles are assumed to be anisotropic and isotropic, respectively. The anisotropy of the non-polar molecule is relevant, since the value of the alignment is zero for the isotropic case. Different results are obtained for cubic lattices and for a lattice points are uniformly distributed.
In absence of a rigid dipole moment of the solvent molecules the latter formula may be compared with that implicity deduced by Buckingham for the Kerr effect. In the limit of strong dipoles the orientation imposed by the rigid dipole moments appears to be the major contribution to the alignment of the non-polar molecule.
Biemond, J; MacLean, C; Mandel, M
On the theory of the alignment of a polar molecule in a non-polar solvent Journal Article
In: Physica, vol. 83A, pp. 358–370, 1976.
@article{citeulike:13268106,
title = {On the theory of the alignment of a polar molecule in a non-polar solvent},
author = {J Biemond and C MacLean and M Mandel},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(76)90041-8},
doi = {10.1016/0378-4371(76)90041-8},
year = {1976},
date = {1976-01-01},
journal = {Physica},
volume = {83A},
pages = {358--370},
abstract = {The alignment average of a dilute polar substance dissolved in a non-polar solvent may be derived from the NMR spectrum of the polar component. Likewise, the Kerr effect is related to this quantity.
In this paper a series expansion of the alignment of a polar molecule in a non-polar solvent is presented for a rigid-lattice model, first introduced by Van Vleck for the dielectric constant of a very dilute solution. Different results up to second order in the dipolar interaction are obtained for a simple, a body centred, or a face centred cubic lattice and a lattice whose lattice points are uniformly distributed in a continuum. The latter formula is compared with that calculated on the basis of the Lorentz local field model and with that of Buckingham in which the interaction between the dipoles themselves is neglected.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The alignment average of a dilute polar substance dissolved in a non-polar solvent may be derived from the NMR spectrum of the polar component. Likewise, the Kerr effect is related to this quantity.
In this paper a series expansion of the alignment of a polar molecule in a non-polar solvent is presented for a rigid-lattice model, first introduced by Van Vleck for the dielectric constant of a very dilute solution. Different results up to second order in the dipolar interaction are obtained for a simple, a body centred, or a face centred cubic lattice and a lattice whose lattice points are uniformly distributed in a continuum. The latter formula is compared with that calculated on the basis of the Lorentz local field model and with that of Buckingham in which the interaction between the dipoles themselves is neglected.
In this paper a series expansion of the alignment of a polar molecule in a non-polar solvent is presented for a rigid-lattice model, first introduced by Van Vleck for the dielectric constant of a very dilute solution. Different results up to second order in the dipolar interaction are obtained for a simple, a body centred, or a face centred cubic lattice and a lattice whose lattice points are uniformly distributed in a continuum. The latter formula is compared with that calculated on the basis of the Lorentz local field model and with that of Buckingham in which the interaction between the dipoles themselves is neglected.
Biemond, J; van der Goot, S; MacLean, C
Temperature dependence of electric field effects in the 14N NMR spectra of nitromethane and nitrobenzene Journal Article
In: Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 390–396, 1975.
@article{Biemond1975390,
title = {Temperature dependence of electric field effects in the 14N NMR spectra of nitromethane and nitrobenzene},
author = {J Biemond and S van der Goot and C MacLean},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0009261475851530},
doi = {10.1016/0009-2614(75)85153-0},
year = {1975},
date = {1975-04-01},
journal = {Chemical Physics Letters},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {390--396},
abstract = {Electric field experiments in the 14N NMR spectra of nitromethane and nitrobenzene at various temperatures are reported. The calculated alignment values of these liquids differ from the corresponding ones predicted by the Onsager liquid model. The results are compared with Kerr effect, dielectric polarization and dielectric saturation data.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Electric field experiments in the 14N NMR spectra of nitromethane and nitrobenzene at various temperatures are reported. The calculated alignment values of these liquids differ from the corresponding ones predicted by the Onsager liquid model. The results are compared with Kerr effect, dielectric polarization and dielectric saturation data.
Biemond, J; MacLean, C; Mandel, M
Alignment of polarizable dipoles on a lattice Journal Article
In: Physica, vol. 79A, no. 1, pp. 52–64, 1975.
@article{citeulike:13268023,
title = {Alignment of polarizable dipoles on a lattice},
author = {J Biemond and C MacLean and M Mandel},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(75)90087-4},
doi = {10.1016/0378-4371(75)90087-4},
year = {1975},
date = {1975-01-01},
journal = {Physica},
volume = {79A},
number = {1},
pages = {52--64},
abstract = {The alignment average of polar molecules may be derived from their NMR spectrum, when a strong electric field is applied to the liquid. The Kerr effect can likewise be related to the alignment.
In this paper the alignment has been calculated for a rigid-lattice model, previously developed by Van Vleck in the theory of dielectric polarization and extended by others. A series expansion of the alignment for a system of isotropically polarizable dipoles is presented up to second-order terms in the dipolar interaction. The result for a continuum has been compared with those calculated on the basis of the Lorentz and Onsager model of the liquid.
An explicit expression for the total electrostatic energy of a binary mixture of polar and non- polar molecules with a symmetric polarizability tensor has also been calculated; it has been obtained from a generalization of a formalism, developed by Mandel and Mazur for the pure polar liquid.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The alignment average of polar molecules may be derived from their NMR spectrum, when a strong electric field is applied to the liquid. The Kerr effect can likewise be related to the alignment.
In this paper the alignment has been calculated for a rigid-lattice model, previously developed by Van Vleck in the theory of dielectric polarization and extended by others. A series expansion of the alignment for a system of isotropically polarizable dipoles is presented up to second-order terms in the dipolar interaction. The result for a continuum has been compared with those calculated on the basis of the Lorentz and Onsager model of the liquid.
An explicit expression for the total electrostatic energy of a binary mixture of polar and non- polar molecules with a symmetric polarizability tensor has also been calculated; it has been obtained from a generalization of a formalism, developed by Mandel and Mazur for the pure polar liquid.
In this paper the alignment has been calculated for a rigid-lattice model, previously developed by Van Vleck in the theory of dielectric polarization and extended by others. A series expansion of the alignment for a system of isotropically polarizable dipoles is presented up to second-order terms in the dipolar interaction. The result for a continuum has been compared with those calculated on the basis of the Lorentz and Onsager model of the liquid.
An explicit expression for the total electrostatic energy of a binary mixture of polar and non- polar molecules with a symmetric polarizability tensor has also been calculated; it has been obtained from a generalization of a formalism, developed by Mandel and Mazur for the pure polar liquid.
Biemond, J; MacLean, C
Alignment of non-polar molecules-electric field effects in the 2H N.M.R. spectrum of perdeuterobenzene in solutions with nitrobenzene Journal Article
In: Molecular Physics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 571–579, 1974.
@article{citeulike:13267218,
title = {Alignment of non-polar molecules-electric field effects in the 2H N.M.R. spectrum of perdeuterobenzene in solutions with nitrobenzene},
author = {J Biemond and C MacLean},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268977400103101},
doi = {10.1080/00268977400103101},
year = {1974},
date = {1974-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Physics},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {571--579},
abstract = {Electric field experiments on the 2H N.M.R. spectrum of perdeuterobenzene, dissolved in nitrobenzene, are reported. The alignment of the polar molecules, induced by a strong electric field, is transferred to the non-polar ones and as a result their N.M.R. spectrum is modified.
Local field models, e.g. those of Lorentz and Onsager, treat the environment of a molecule as a continuum and are unable to explain the alignment of the non-polar molecules. Intermolecular interactions are essential. In an expression for the alignment these interactions are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture.
N.M.R. and Kerr data of nitrobenzene-benzene solutions have been compared. The Kerr constant of a binary mixture is shown to depend on the alignments of both the polar and non-polar component. N.M.R. electric field experiments may be useful to separate these two contributions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Electric field experiments on the 2H N.M.R. spectrum of perdeuterobenzene, dissolved in nitrobenzene, are reported. The alignment of the polar molecules, induced by a strong electric field, is transferred to the non-polar ones and as a result their N.M.R. spectrum is modified.
Local field models, e.g. those of Lorentz and Onsager, treat the environment of a molecule as a continuum and are unable to explain the alignment of the non-polar molecules. Intermolecular interactions are essential. In an expression for the alignment these interactions are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture.
N.M.R. and Kerr data of nitrobenzene-benzene solutions have been compared. The Kerr constant of a binary mixture is shown to depend on the alignments of both the polar and non-polar component. N.M.R. electric field experiments may be useful to separate these two contributions.
Local field models, e.g. those of Lorentz and Onsager, treat the environment of a molecule as a continuum and are unable to explain the alignment of the non-polar molecules. Intermolecular interactions are essential. In an expression for the alignment these interactions are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture.
N.M.R. and Kerr data of nitrobenzene-benzene solutions have been compared. The Kerr constant of a binary mixture is shown to depend on the alignments of both the polar and non-polar component. N.M.R. electric field experiments may be useful to separate these two contributions.
Biemond, J; Lohman, J A B; MacLean, C
Double quantum transitions in electric field deuterium magnetic resonance spectra Journal Article
In: Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 402–407, 1974.
@article{Biemond1974402,
title = {Double quantum transitions in electric field deuterium magnetic resonance spectra},
author = {J Biemond and J A B Lohman and C MacLean},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022236474902212},
doi = {10.1016/0022-2364(74)90221-2},
year = {1974},
date = {1974-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Magnetic Resonance},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {402--407},
abstract = {The appearance of double quantum transitions in the electric field 2H NMR spectrum of perdeuterobenzene in nitrobenzene is studied. Theoretical spectra have been calculated from the general lineshape formalism of Hoffman, as applied by Gestblom et al., and have been compared with experiment.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The appearance of double quantum transitions in the electric field 2H NMR spectrum of perdeuterobenzene in nitrobenzene is studied. Theoretical spectra have been calculated from the general lineshape formalism of Hoffman, as applied by Gestblom et al., and have been compared with experiment.
Biemond, J; MacLean, C
N.M.R. study of the dipolar alignment in fluid mixtured induced by strong electric fields Journal Article
In: Molecular Physics, vol. 26, pp. 409–418, 1973.
@article{citeulike:13267249,
title = {N.M.R. study of the dipolar alignment in fluid mixtured induced by strong electric fields},
author = {J Biemond and C MacLean},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268977300101761},
doi = {10.1080/00268977300101761},
year = {1973},
date = {1973-01-01},
journal = {Molecular Physics},
volume = {26},
pages = {409--418},
abstract = {This paper deals with N.M.R. electric field experiments on mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids. Alignment of the molecular dipoles by application of a strong electric field is manifested in the N.M.R. spectrum of the polar component.
2H and some 14N N.M.R. electric field experiments are reported for perdeuteronitrobenzene, dissolved in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The data display the dependence of the local field on the composition of the mixture in a direct manner. The Lorentz and Onsager local field models are shown to give no adequate description in concentrated solutions of perdeuteronitrobenzene in benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Molecular interactions in the theoretical expression of the alignment of the polar component are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture. A detailed formula for the dipolar alignment, which should be valid for dilute solutions, is compared with experiment.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper deals with N.M.R. electric field experiments on mixtures of polar and non-polar liquids. Alignment of the molecular dipoles by application of a strong electric field is manifested in the N.M.R. spectrum of the polar component.
2H and some 14N N.M.R. electric field experiments are reported for perdeuteronitrobenzene, dissolved in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The data display the dependence of the local field on the composition of the mixture in a direct manner. The Lorentz and Onsager local field models are shown to give no adequate description in concentrated solutions of perdeuteronitrobenzene in benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Molecular interactions in the theoretical expression of the alignment of the polar component are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture. A detailed formula for the dipolar alignment, which should be valid for dilute solutions, is compared with experiment.
2H and some 14N N.M.R. electric field experiments are reported for perdeuteronitrobenzene, dissolved in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. The data display the dependence of the local field on the composition of the mixture in a direct manner. The Lorentz and Onsager local field models are shown to give no adequate description in concentrated solutions of perdeuteronitrobenzene in benzene and carbon tetrachloride.
Molecular interactions in the theoretical expression of the alignment of the polar component are described in terms of correlation functions for the mixture. A detailed formula for the dipolar alignment, which should be valid for dilute solutions, is compared with experiment.
Biemond, J; Neijzen, B J M; Maclean, C
Effects of external electric fields on 1H, 19F, and 14N NMR spectra of 2, 4, 6-trifluoronitrobenzene Journal Article
In: Chemical Physics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 335–339, 1973.
@article{Biemond1973335,
title = {Effects of external electric fields on 1H, 19F, and 14N NMR spectra of 2, 4, 6-trifluoronitrobenzene},
author = {J Biemond and B J M Neijzen and C Maclean},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(73)80047-3},
doi = {10.1016/0301-0104(73)80047-3},
year = {1973},
date = {1973-01-01},
journal = {Chemical Physics},
volume = {1},
number = {4},
pages = {335--339},
abstract = {When a polar liquid is subjected to an electric field, the dipoles obtain a small average orientation. At sufficiently high field strengths direct spin—spin dipolar and quadrupolar electric field interactions may modify the NMR spetrum.
NMR electric field experiments are reported for the proton, fluorine, and nitrogen NMR spectra of neat 2, 4, 6-trifluoronitrobenzene. The observed alignment values are smaller than those predicted on the basis of Onsager's theory.
The 14N quadrupole coupling constant as been deduced from a comparison of the quadrupolar and dipolar electric field effects.
An upper limit of the absolute value of the anisotropy of the para-19F chemical shift has been inferred from the absence of a detectable displacement of the resonance on application of an electric field.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
When a polar liquid is subjected to an electric field, the dipoles obtain a small average orientation. At sufficiently high field strengths direct spin—spin dipolar and quadrupolar electric field interactions may modify the NMR spetrum.
NMR electric field experiments are reported for the proton, fluorine, and nitrogen NMR spectra of neat 2, 4, 6-trifluoronitrobenzene. The observed alignment values are smaller than those predicted on the basis of Onsager's theory.
The 14N quadrupole coupling constant as been deduced from a comparison of the quadrupolar and dipolar electric field effects.
An upper limit of the absolute value of the anisotropy of the para-19F chemical shift has been inferred from the absence of a detectable displacement of the resonance on application of an electric field.
NMR electric field experiments are reported for the proton, fluorine, and nitrogen NMR spectra of neat 2, 4, 6-trifluoronitrobenzene. The observed alignment values are smaller than those predicted on the basis of Onsager's theory.
The 14N quadrupole coupling constant as been deduced from a comparison of the quadrupolar and dipolar electric field effects.
An upper limit of the absolute value of the anisotropy of the para-19F chemical shift has been inferred from the absence of a detectable displacement of the resonance on application of an electric field.
Hilbers, C W; Biemond, J; MacLean, C
NMR study of induced dielectric alignment in pure and binary liquids Journal Article
In: Pure and applied chemistry, vol. 32, pp. 197–205, 1972.
@article{citeulike:13267137,
title = {NMR study of induced dielectric alignment in pure and binary liquids},
author = {C W Hilbers and J Biemond and C MacLean},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac197232010197},
doi = {10.1351/pac197232010197},
year = {1972},
date = {1972-01-01},
journal = {Pure and applied chemistry},
volume = {32},
pages = {197--205},
abstract = {The nmr spectra of polar liquids may be affected by application of a strong external electric field. Dipolar molecules are slightly aligned by this field and the nuclear quadrupole couplings and the direct spin-spin dipolar interactions may no longer be averaged to zero. The proton spectrum of p-nitrotoluene, modified by dipolar induced couplings, is given as an example. Quadrupolar electric field effects have been measured in the 14N spectra of a series of pure nitriles and nitrocompounds. From these spectra the molecular alignment, induced by the electric field, has been obtained.
Alignments of both polar and nonpolar molecules have been detected in the nmr spectra of nitrobenzene-deuterobenzene mixtures. If the polar molecules are aligned by the electric field, the orientation is transferred to the nonpolar particles.
Theoretical expressions for the alignments in pure and binary liquids are discussed. Short range interactions between the molecules, giving rise to angular correlations, turn out to be important. This is particularly apparent in the case of the alignment of nonpolar molecules in mixtures.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The nmr spectra of polar liquids may be affected by application of a strong external electric field. Dipolar molecules are slightly aligned by this field and the nuclear quadrupole couplings and the direct spin-spin dipolar interactions may no longer be averaged to zero. The proton spectrum of p-nitrotoluene, modified by dipolar induced couplings, is given as an example. Quadrupolar electric field effects have been measured in the 14N spectra of a series of pure nitriles and nitrocompounds. From these spectra the molecular alignment, induced by the electric field, has been obtained.
Alignments of both polar and nonpolar molecules have been detected in the nmr spectra of nitrobenzene-deuterobenzene mixtures. If the polar molecules are aligned by the electric field, the orientation is transferred to the nonpolar particles.
Theoretical expressions for the alignments in pure and binary liquids are discussed. Short range interactions between the molecules, giving rise to angular correlations, turn out to be important. This is particularly apparent in the case of the alignment of nonpolar molecules in mixtures.
Alignments of both polar and nonpolar molecules have been detected in the nmr spectra of nitrobenzene-deuterobenzene mixtures. If the polar molecules are aligned by the electric field, the orientation is transferred to the nonpolar particles.
Theoretical expressions for the alignments in pure and binary liquids are discussed. Short range interactions between the molecules, giving rise to angular correlations, turn out to be important. This is particularly apparent in the case of the alignment of nonpolar molecules in mixtures.